Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Density

Energy density is the amount of energy in a given mass (or volume), it’s to measure how much energy a battery contains in proportion to its weight. And normally presented in Watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg). For example,If a system has a high energy density then it is able to store a lot of energy in a small amount of mass.

Power density is the amount of power in a given mass, it’s to measure how quick the energy can be delivered. Which is normally mentioned in the units of Watts/L or Watts/Kg. If a system has a high power density, it can output a lot of energy according to its mass.

High energy density batteries5000wh battery pack

When we choose a battery,cost is an important factor. There are several different types of rechargeable batteries with a variety of energy densities.
Lead acid battery ranges between 30-50 Wh/kg, and the cost per Watt-hour is $0.17.
Nickel-cadmium battery ranges between 45-80 Wh/kg, and the cost per Watt-hour is $1.50.
Nickel-metal hydride battery ranges between 60-120 Wh/kg, and the cost per Watt-hour is $0.99.
Lithium-ion battery ranges between 50-260 Wh/kg, and the cost per Watt-hour is $0.47.

It is clear that the Lead-acid storage batteries are the lowest cost. Li ion tops in energy density and is priced at $0.47 per Wh.

Different lithium-ion batteries and their energy density

Different lithium-ion batteries are different, and their internal stability varies greatly based on their chemical properties. Lithium-ion batteries chemistry used in small wearable devices are quite different from those used in large industrial devices.

The different types of lithium-ion batteries：

  • 1 Lithium Titanate: With lithium titanate anodes. And is typically used in electric power-train , solar-powered street lighting.
  • 2 Lithium Cobalt Oxide: Consists of a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. And is mostly used in laptops, cell phones, and digital cameras.
  • 3 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide: NMC battery is a cathode combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt ,and are used in E-bikes, medical devices, EVs,and industrial equipment.
  • 4 Lithium Iron Phosphate: Phosphate as cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries,which is often Used primarily for energy storage.

Lithium-ion batteries energy density and their advantage

Lithium-Ion Battery Type Energy Density (Wh/kg) Cycle life Advantages Disadvantages
LTO 50-80 3,000-7,000 Long life, fast charge Low energy density, more expensive
LCO 150-200 500-1000 High specific energy Expensive,volatile
NMC 150-220 1,000-2,000 High capacity and high power. Safer than LCO but still relatively unstable and expensive
LFP 90-120 2,000 and higher Medium-high energy density Stable,long lasting and higher energy density

power wallLTO battery have been known since the 1980s,is one of the oldest types of lithium-ion batteries.They have long life, and can charge fast. But among safest Li-ion batteries,it is in low specific energy and expensive.

For LTO batteries, to replace carbon,lithium titanate is used at the anode. Which allows electrons to enter and leave the anode faster than other types of lithium-ion batteries. They are more expensive,and are tend to electric vehicles, car audio applications and mobile medical devices.
LCO Batteries are with high energy and high risk. Cobalt is a very energy dense material,however, the world could face a cobalt supply shortage soon. And cobalt can’t handle large currents,so, it is also a significant safety risk.

The success to NMC battery lies in its balance of chemicals.Nickel is thought to be energy-dense but unstable, like cobalt, while manganese is more stable but has a lower energy density.However, nickel is often added to reduce the amount of expensive cobalt.Thus reducing the cost.However, because the batteries still contain cobalt, there are some safety risks.

Because of the ability to withstand a lot of abuse and a wide range of temperatures,LFP batteries are ideal for solar energy storage and industrial environments. For the energy storage and other heavy electric equipment that needs a high level of reliability and has historically relied on lead acid batteries,it is a new option.

In short,all types of lithium-ion batteries are unique in their chemical composition. And it is important to know which lithium ion chemical is best for your application. As if you are searching for the best battery for your energy storage system, a lithium iron phosphate battery is likely the best choice.

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